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The Blue Police, more correctly translated as The Navy-Blue Police ((ポーランド語:Granatowa policja)) was the popular name of the Polish police in the German occupied area of the Second Polish Republic, known as General Government during the Second World War. The official name of the organization was Polish Police of the General Government ((ドイツ語:Polnische Polizei im Generalgouvernement), (ポーランド語:Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa)). It was formed by Nazi Germany officially on October 30, 1939 by reinstating Polish state police (''Einheimische Polizei'') existing before the invasion of Poland, with German instead of Polish leadership. It was an auxiliary organization purposed to keep law and order in the General Government territory. Similar police organizations existed in all German occupied countries based on professional local police force. Initially used to deal with purely criminal activities, property crimes and common banditry in occupied Poland, which greatly increased after the invasion; the Blue Police was later used also to prevent smuggling, which was an essential element of underground economy under Nazism.〔 The organization was officially dissolved and declared disbanded by the Polish Committee of National Liberation on August 27, 1944. After a review process, a number of its former members joined the new national policing structure, the Milicja Obywatelska (Citizens' Militia). Others were persecuted after 1949 under Stalinism.〔 ==Organization== In October 1939, General Governor Hans Frank ordered the mobilization of the pre-war Polish police into the service of the Germans. The policemen were to report for duty or face the death penalty. Formally, the ''Polnische Polizei'' (PP) was subordinate to regular German ''Ordnungspolizei'' (Orpo). The same prewar facilities were used all across occupied Poland with exactly the same organizational structure; under Major Hans Köchlner (he was trained in Poland in 1937).〔 They wore the same uniforms, but without national insignia. In spring 1940, the Ukrainian Police was split off from the Polish Police. The department existed already before 1939. The German chief of ''Ordnungspolizei'' (''KdO'', as well as its entire leadership) assumed dual role, in charge of both.〔 After the attack on USSR known as Operation Barbarossa, all newly acquired territories in ''Distrikt Galizien'' were put under the Ukrainian control with headquarters in Chełm Lubelski.〔 Notably, the District of Galicia created on August 1, 1941 (Document No. 1997-PS of July 17, 1941 by Adolf Hitler) – although considered by some to be part of the occupied Ukraine – was a separate administrative unit from the actual ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine'' created on September 1 of the same year. They were not connected with each other politically. According to historian Andrzej Paczkowski (''Spring Will Be Ours''), the police force consisted of approximately 11,000–12,000 officers,〔 but the actual number of its cadre was much lower initially. Emmanuel Ringelblum put the number as high as 14,300 by the end of 1942 including Warsaw, Lublin, Kielce and Eastern Galicia. The ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'' reports its manpower as 8,700 in February 1940 and states that it reached its peak in 1943 with 16,000 members.〔''(Encyclopedia of the Holocaust )'' entry on the Blue Police, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York NY, 1990. ISBN 0-02-864527-8.〕 The statistics are explained by historian Marek Getter.〔 – The initial expansion of the force was the result of expulsion to ''Generalgouvernement'' of all Polish professional policemen, from the territories annexed by the Third Reich (''Reichsgau Wartheland'', ''Westpreußen'', etc.). Another reason was a salary (250–350 zł) impossible to obtain elsewhere, augmented by bonuses (up to 500 zł each). Also, the Germans had intentionally eroded moral standards of the force by giving policemen the right to keep for themselves 10% of all confiscated goods.〔 The Blue Police consisted primarily of Poles and Polish speaking Ukrainians from the eastern parts of the General Government.〔 However, from August 1, 1941 (date of incorporation) the district of Eastern Galicia – as mentioned by Ringelblum – was no longer controlled by ethnically Polish division of PP. Instead, the Ukrainian division was put in charge across some 600 precincts, expanded from 242 officers initially, to 2,000 by 1942, and to 4,000 officers by 1943.〔 The Blue Police had little autonomy, and all of its high-ranking officers came from the ranks of the German police (''Kriminalpolizei''). It served in the capacity of an auxiliary force, along with the police forces guarding seats of administration (''Schutzpolizei''), Railway Police (''Bahnschutz''), Forest Police (''Forstschutz'') and Border Police (''Grenzschutz''). The Blue Police was subordinate to German ''Ordnungspolizei'' with Polish prewar regulations.〔 New volunteers (''Anwärter'') were trained at a police school in Nowy Sącz, with 3,000 graduates, under Vincenz Edler von Strohe (real name Wincenty Słoma, a Reichdeutscher) while receiving salary of 180 zł. There were additional though separate courses for Polish and Ukrainian enlisted ranks.〔 From the German perspective, the primary role of the Blue Police was to maintain law and order on the territories of occupied Poland, as to free the German Ordnungspolizei for other duties. As Heinrich Himmler stated in his order from 5 May 1940: "providing general police service in the General Government is the role of the Polish police. German police will intervene only if it is required by the German interests and will monitor the Polish police."〔Dr Piotr Majer, ("Polacy w organach policyjnych Niemiec hitlerowskich." ) Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczecinie, May 14, 2007. (CiteWeb cache. )〕 As the force was primarily a continuation of the prewar Polish police force, it also relied largely on prewar Polish criminal laws, a situation that was accepted as a provisional necessity by the Germans. While the Polish Underground State had its own police force and judiciary (see National Security Corps and Directorate of Civil Resistance), it was unable to provide basic police services for the entire population of the former Second Polish Republic in the conditions of German occupation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Blue Police」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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